Archaeology
Archaeologists excavate Kom el-Dikka in Alexandria
A Polish-Egyptian team of archaeologists have recommenced excavations at Kom El-Dikka in Alexandria, Egypt.
Alexandria (as the new capital of Egypt) was founded by its namesake – Alexander the Great in 332 BC, who drove the Persians from Egypt.
The Ptolemaic dynasty, which was founded by one of Alexander’s generals, contributed to the development of the city into a major cosmopolitan metropolis. By the time of Augustus during the Roman period, the city grid encompassed an area of 10 km2 (3.9 sq mi), and the total population was around 500,000–600,000.
Kom El-Dikka was a high-status residential district, and later it became a major civic centre with a bath complex (thermae), auditoria (lecture halls), and a theatre. Today, Kom el-Dikka is the largest and most complete above ground archaeological site in Alexandria. It provides large amounts of evidence of urban life in Roman Egypt, including early villas and their mosaics, and late Roman public works.
The researchers are excavating several 1st to 3rd century AD dwellings from the Roman period, in addition to several antique cisterns and an artificial hill created as a result of human activity between the thermal baths and the theatre.
Dr. Grzegorz Majcherek, from the Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology of the University of Warsaw, said: “Excavations are underway in ancient cisterns supplying water to the nearby Imperial baths. Our primarily goal is to identify the subsequent construction phases and determine the chronology of this unique site. It is the only example of this type of building in Egypt, rising high above the surrounding area and acting as a water tower”.
Previous excavations of the dwellings have revealed multi-coloured mosaic flooring, including a mosaic with depictions of lotus flowers that indicates the high status of the occupants. A recent survey suggests that further mosaics are waiting to be uncovered despite the destruction of the 3rd century and robbing of the Roman building material.
In 2004, Dr. Grzegorz Majcherek, announced the discovery of a large complex of well-preserved lecture halls from the late antiquity (5th-7th centuries AD). These are the only material remains of the ancient university known from the Mediterranean area.
Header Image Credit : Shutterstock
A recent study, published in the journal ResearchGate, proposes that the Pyramid of Djoser could have been constructed using hydraulic lift.
The Pyramid of Djoser, also known as the Step Pyramid, is a proto-pyramid built as the final resting place of Djoser, the first or second pharaoh of Egypt’s 3rd Dynasty (2670–2650 BC) during the Old Kingdom period.
The pyramid rises from the Saqqara plateau in six steps to a height of around 60 to 62 metres, serving as the centre of a vast mortuary complex.
Due to the absence of authentic sources from the pyramid architects’ working sphere, there is currently no confirmed comprehensive model for the method used in the pyramid construction.
The prevailing theory suggests that the heavy stone blocks were transported on apparatuses such as rollers, and raised to height using a series of ramps.
In the study, a survey of watersheds near to the pyramid indicate that the Gisr el-Mudir (enclosure) has features of a check dam for trapping sediment and water. Furthermore, the topography beyond the “dam” shows a possible ephemeral lake west of the Djoser complex, and water flow inside the moat surrounding it.
The study authors explain: “In the southern section of the moat, we show that the monumental linear rock-cut structure consisting of successive, deep compartments, combines the technical requirements of a water treatment facility: a settling basin, a retention basin, and a purification system.”
Based on this finding, the study proposes that the Gisr el-Mudir and moat’s inner south section worked as a unified hydraulic system for regulating flow and improving water quality. In addition, the pyramid’s internal architecture is consistent with a hydraulic elevation mechanism never reported before.
“The ancient architects likely raised the stones from the pyramid centre in a volcano fashion using the sediment-free water from the Dry Moat’s south section. Ancient Egyptians are famous for their pioneering and mastery of hydraulics through canals for irrigation purposes and barges to transport huge stones. This work opens a new line of research: the use of hydraulic force to erect the massive structures built by Pharaohs,” said the study authors.
Please note: This study was submitted to PLOS ONE on December 7, 2023. After two rounds of review by peers, the paper was formally accepted by PLOS ONE on June 27, 2024. Since July 23, 2024, it has been the subject of new consultations and review by the PLOS ONE Editorial Board.
Header Image Credit : Shutterstock
Sources : ResearchGate | Piton, Guillaume. (2024). On the possible use of hydraulic force to assist with building the Step Pyramid of Saqqara. PLOS ONE.
This content was originally published on www.heritagedaily.com – © 2023 – HeritageDaily
Constructed between 1630 and 1633 in a Renaissance-Baroque style, the Great Synagogue of Vilnius served as the religious centre of a complex of synagogues, mikvahs, and community institutions devoted to Torah study in Vilnius, Lithuania.
According to a press statement by the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA): “The Great Synagogue of Vilna was the beating heart of the Lithuanian Jewry, which included 12 synagogues and study houses, the community council building, the home of Rabbi Eliyahu – the Vilna Gaon, Kosher meat stalls, the famous ‘Strashun’ library, a bathhouse and more.”
During World War II, the synagogue was looted, burned, and partially destroyed by the Nazis in the holocaust. Soviet authorities completely demolished the remaining structure to build a school, intending to prevent any future restoration of Jewish worship.
Only three original pieces of the synagogue survived the destruction: a door of the Holy Ark, a reader’s desk, and a bas-relief with the Ten Commandments, which are now on display at the Vilna Gaon Jewish Museum.
Image Credit : Israel Antiquities Authority
In a recent study conducted by the IAA, the Association of Lithuanian Archaeology, the Good Will Foundation, and the Jewish Community of Lithuania, archaeologists have rediscovered traces of the synagogue’s decorated walls and remnants of flooring with red, black, and white floral patterns that paved the main hall.
Excavations also uncovered huge water reservoirs to feed halachically pure water to the mikva’ot, and one of the giant pillars that surrounded the Bimah (prayer platform).
Dr. Jon Seligman from the IAA and Justinas Rakas from the Lithuanian Archaeological Society, said: “The magnificent remains we are rediscovering bring back moments in the life of a lost vibrant community.”
Header Image Credit : Israel Antiquities Authority
Sources : IAA
This content was originally published on www.heritagedaily.com – © 2023 – HeritageDaily
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